What is a 6-Axis Robot?

In this article, we’ll discuss the fundamentals of industrial robots, particularly focusing on the mechanical and electrical parts used for 6-axis robots. Stay tuned for our next post, where we’ll dive into the leading manufacturers of industrial robots which include ABB, Kuka and Yaskawa.

Industrial robots are essential in today’s manufacturing environments, performing everything from basic tasks, like moving items on a conveyor, to highly complex processes, such as vehicle assembly. These robots, particularly 6-axis models, are made up of specialized robotics parts designed to handle repetitive actions with remarkable precision. Each 6-axis robot contains various components that work together, from mechanical parts like servo-driven joints to advanced electrical systems within its control cabinet. The servo motors power each axis, allowing the robot to move fluidly and complete intricate tasks repeatedly without error. Their design often resembles a human arm, giving them the flexibility needed to maneuver in multiple directions, which makes them ideal for diverse automation equipment setups. This YouTube video shows the KUKA 6-axis robot arm capabilities in action.

Mechanical Structure of 6-Axis Robots

6-axis robots, designed to mimic human arm movements, are built with multiple servo-driven joints or axes. Each axis, powered by at least one servo motor, defines the robot’s range of motion.

Joints and Axes: Robots come in many shapes and sizes, the type of robot is defined by how many axes are used. Thus, the 6-axis robot is equipped with six joints, each moved by a servo motor with gears and belts. This setup allows the robot to perform highly controlled, repeatable movements.
Maintenance: The joints require special lubricating grease to ensure smooth operation and long-lasting performance.
Mechanical Brakes: Mechanical brakes engage when the robot is inactive to prevent movement, and hard stops on each axis prevent overextension.

Electrical Components of 6-Axis Robots

A 6-axis robot relies on an electrical control cabinet, which houses the core electrical components necessary to drive each axis.

Servo Motors: The size and power of each servo vary by joint. The largest motor is located at the base (Joint 1) to handle the full weight of the robot and its payload, while the smallest, often at Joint 6, is designed for fine movements similar to a wrist rotation.
Control Cabinet: The cabinet includes servo amplifiers, CPUs, PCBs for safety functions like the emergency stop (E-stop), and a disconnect switch for Lockout/Tagout functions.
Graphical User Interface (GUI): Operators can program and control the robot through a handheld GUI, featuring a three-position safety switch (Off, Held, Squeezed) for manual control. An E-stop button on the GUI provides an immediate shutdown option if the robot’s proximity to a human becomes hazardous.
Backup Batteries: Backup batteries power the servo encoders to maintain positioning data during power loss, which is essential for consistent performance and reduces downtime.

Factors to consider when choosing a robot

Selecting the right industrial robot for an application depends on several criteria:

Reach: This is the distance the robot must extend to reach all objects within its workspace.
Payload: This refers to the maximum weight the robot can carry, typically measured in kilograms.
Speed: The robot’s speed varies depending on its size and payload; larger robots generally move slower to safely handle heavier loads.

Cabling and I/O Integration

Cabling within 6-axis robots is crucial for maintaining internal connections between servo motors, sensors, and other essential components. Depending on the requirements of the automation equipment, additional inputs and outputs (I/O) may be included to enhance functionality. Internal I/O supports operations within the robot itself, handling tasks like actuating movements and monitoring sensor status. In contrast, external I/O allows the robot to interface with peripheral devices, such as conveyors or inspection systems, enabling more advanced automation configurations and ensuring the robot seamlessly integrates into broader industrial control systems.

Summary

In summary, the design and parts of a 6-axis robot are tailored to provide efficient, precise automation solutions. These robots are critical components in industrial control systems and automation equipment, excelling at both simple and complex tasks through reliable mechanical structures, robust electrical systems, and thoughtful control mechanisms. Selecting a 6-axis robot that aligns with your reach, payload, and speed requirements can optimize efficiency and productivity for various industrial automation applications. For further information on specific robot parts, including servo motors, controllers, or other automation equipment, contact us, and our team will guide you toward the best solution for your needs.